{"id":6164,"date":"2018-07-09T08:00:58","date_gmt":"2018-07-09T06:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/?p=6164"},"modified":"2018-06-21T10:49:16","modified_gmt":"2018-06-21T08:49:16","slug":"artificial-intelligence-chips","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/markets-technology-en\/artificial-intelligence-chips\/","title":{"rendered":"Chips driving Artificial Intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><b>From the graphics processing unit through neuromorphic chips to the quantum computer &ndash; &shy;&shy;the development of Artificial Intelligence chips is supporting many new advances.<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A<span class=\"s1\">I-supported applications must keep pace with rapidly growing data volumes and often have to respond simultaneously in real time. The classic <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central Processing Unit\" class=\"encyclopedia\">CPU<\/a>s that you will find in every computer quickly reach their limits in this area because they process tasks sequentially. Significant improvements in performance, particularly in the context of <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/deep-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Sub-area of machine learning in which deep neural networks are used. Whilst machine learning works&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">deep learning<\/a>, would be possible if the individual processes could be executed in parallel.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Hardware for parallel computing processes<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A few years, ago, the AI sector focused its attention on the graphics processing unit (GPU), a chip that had actually been developed for an entirely different purpose. It offers a massive parallel architecture, which can perform com<\/span>puting tasks in parallel using many smaller yet still efficient<span class=\"s1\"> computer units. This is exactly what is required for <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/deep-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Sub-area of machine learning in which deep neural networks are used. Whilst machine learning works&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">deep learning<\/a>. Manufacturers of graphics processing units are now building GPUs specifically for AI applications. A <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/server\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central network computer via which functional and infrastructural network services are provided.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">server<\/a> with just one of these high-performance GPUs has a throughput 40 times greater than that of a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central Processing Unit\" class=\"encyclopedia\">CPU<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/server\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central network computer via which functional and infrastructural network services are provided.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">server<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">However, even GPUs are now proving too slow for some AI companies. This in turn is having a significant impact on the semiconductor market. Traditional semiconductor manufacturers are now being joined by buyers and users of semiconductors &ndash; such as Microsoft, Amazon and even Google &ndash; who are themselves becoming semiconductor manufacturers (along with companies who want to produce chips to their own specifications). For example, Alphabet, the parent company behind Google, has developed its own Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), which is specifically tailored to the requirements of <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/machine-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Procedure by which computer systems acquire knowledge independently and can expand their knowledge, allowing them&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">machine learning<\/a>. The second generation of this tensor processing unit (TPU) from Alphabet offers 180 teraflops of processing power, while the latest GPU from Nvidia offers 120 teraflops. Flops (Floating Point Operations Per Second) indicate how many simple mathematical calculations, such as addition or multiplication, a computer can perform per second. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Different performance requirements<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Flops are not the only benchmark for the processing power of a chip. With AI processors, a distinction is made between performance in the training phase, which requires parallel computing processes, and performance in the application phase, which involves putting what has been learned into practice &ndash; known as <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a>. Here the focus is on deducing new knowledge from an existing database through <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a>. &ldquo;In contrast to the massively parallel training component of AI that occurs in the data centre, inferencing is generally a sequential calculation that we believe will be mostly conducted on edge devices such as smartphones and Internet of Things, or <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/iot\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Internet of Things\" class=\"encyclopedia\">IoT<\/a>, products,&rdquo; says Abhinav Davuluri, analyst at Morningstar, a leading provider of independent investment research. Unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cloud-computing\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The dynamically demand-based offering, use and billing of IT services over a network such as&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">cloud computing<\/a>, edge computing involves decentralised data processing at the &ldquo;edge&rdquo; of the network. AI technologies are playing an increasingly important role here, as intelligent edge devices such as robots or autonomous vehicles do not have to transfer data to the <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cloud\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Provision of IT resources over the Internet on demand, billed according to actual usage.\" class=\"encyclopedia\">cloud<\/a> before analysis. Instead, they can acquire the data directly on site &ndash; saving the time and energy required for transferring data to the data centre and back again. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Solutions for edge computing<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For these edge computing applications, another new chip variant &ndash; Field-Programmable Gate Array (<a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/fpga\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Field Programmable Gate Array\" class=\"encyclopedia\">FPGA<\/a>) &ndash; is currently establishing itself alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central Processing Unit\" class=\"encyclopedia\">CPU<\/a>s, GPUs and ASICs. This is an integrated circuit, into which a logical circuit can be loaded after manufacturing. Unlike processors, <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/fpga\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Field Programmable Gate Array\" class=\"encyclopedia\">FPGA<\/a>s are truly parallel in nature thanks to their multiple programmable logic blocks, which mean that different processing operations are not assigned to the same resource. Each individual processing task is assigned to a dedicated area on a chip and can thus be performed autonomously. Although they do not quite match the processing power of a GPU in the training process, they rank higher than graphics processing units when it comes to <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a>. Above all, they consume less energy than GPUs, which is particularly important for applications on small, mobile devices. Tests have shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/fpga\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Field Programmable Gate Array\" class=\"encyclopedia\">FPGA<\/a>s can detect more frames per second and watt than GPUs or <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central Processing Unit\" class=\"encyclopedia\">CPU<\/a>s, for example. &ldquo;We think <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/fpga\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Field Programmable Gate Array\" class=\"encyclopedia\">FPGA<\/a>s offer the most promise for <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a>, as they can be upgraded while in the field and could provide low latencies if located at the edge alongside a <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/cpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Central Processing Unit\" class=\"encyclopedia\">CPU<\/a>,&rdquo; says Morningstar analyst Davuluri.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>More start-ups are developing Artificial Intelligence chips<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">More and more company founders &ndash; and investors &ndash; are recognising the opportunities offered by AI chips. At least 45 start-ups are currently working on corresponding semiconductor solutions, while at least five of these have received more than USD 100 million from investors. According to market researchers at CB Insights, venture capitalists invested more than USD 1.5 billion in chip start-ups in 2017 &ndash; double the amount that was invested just two years ago. British firm Graphcore has developed the Intelligence Processing Unit (IPU), a new technology for accelerating <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/machine-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Procedure by which computer systems acquire knowledge independently and can expand their knowledge, allowing them&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">machine learning<\/a> and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. The AI platform of US company Mythic performs hybrid digital\/analogue calculations in flash arrays. The <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a> phase can therefore take place directly within the memory, where the &ldquo;knowledge&rdquo; of the neural network is stored, offering benefits in terms of performance and accuracy. China is one of the most active countries when it comes to Artificial Intelligence chip <\/span>start-ups. The value of Cambricon Technologies alone is currently estimated at USD 1 billion. The start-up has developed a neural network processor chip for smartphones, for instance.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>New chip architectures for even better performance of Artificial Intelligence<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Neuromorphic chips are emerging as the next phase in chip development. Their architecture mimics the way the human brain works in terms of learning and comprehension. A key feature of these chips is the removal of the separation between the processor unit and the data memory. Launched in 2017, neuromorphic test chips with over 100,000 neurons and 100 million plus synapses can unite training and <a href=\"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/encyclopedia\/inference\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phase of application of artificial intelligence. After the system has been trained, it calls on&hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\">inference<\/a> on one chip. When in use, they should be able to learn autonomously at a rate that is a 1 million times better than the third generation of neural networks. At the same time, they are highly energy-efficient.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Quantum computers represent a quantum leap for AI systems in the truest sense of the word. The big players in the IT sector, such as Google, IBM and Microsoft, as well as countries, intelligence services and even car manufacturers are investing in this technology. These computers are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. A quantum computer can perform each calculation step for all states at the same time. This means that it delivers exceptional processing power for the parallel processing of commands and has the potential to compute at a much higher speed than conventional computers. Although the technology may still be in its infancy, the race for faster and more reliable quantum processors is already well underway. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the graphics processing unit through neuromorphic chips to the quantum computer \u2013 \u00ad\u00adthe development&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6154,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[463,98],"tags":[168,374,482,497,428,433,440,499,426,483,340,434,427,430,431,166,501,502,500,142,339,432,437,436,438,498,485,439,429,341,435],"class_list":["post-6164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence-en","category-markets-technology-en","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-autonomous-vehicles","tag-chips","tag-cpu","tag-digitale-innovationen","tag-digitale-trends","tag-digitale-zukunft","tag-edge-computing","tag-elektroniktrends","tag-fpga","tag-future-markets-magazine","tag-future-trends","tag-industry-4-0","tag-internet-of-things","tag-iot","tag-kuenstliche-intelligenz","tag-neural-chips","tag-neuromorphic-chips","tag-nvidia","tag-roboter","tag-roboter-markt","tag-robotik-robot","tag-smart-cities","tag-smart-systems","tag-technologie-trends","tag-teraflops","tag-tpu","tag-trends-der-zukunft","tag-wearables","tag-zukunftsmaerkte","tag-zukunftstrends"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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From the GPU through neuromorphic chips to the quantum computer \u2013 \u00ad\u00adthe development of Artificial Intelligence chips is supporting many new advances.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/markets-technology-en\/artificial-intelligence-chips\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/markets-technology-en\/artificial-intelligence-chips\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/en\/markets-technology-en\/artificial-intelligence-chips\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/chips_header.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/future-markets-magazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/chips_header.png","width":1200,"height":400,"caption":"Artificial Intelligence chips \/ 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